Scaling and root planing is a professional removal of the tartar that is responsible for periodontal disease. This tarter is a hardened form of plaque that harbors harmful bacteria. It is not removable using conventional brushing and flossing techniques. During scaling, a dentist or periodontist uses special instruments to remove the tartar from the teeth. Root planing follows, during which the tooth root is smoothed to prevent future tartar accumulation. A topical or oral antibiotic may also be administered to eliminate all remaining bacteria and prevent recurrent infection. Patients may be advised to pursue a healthier diet and to quit using tobacco products.